Immunological interactions at the tick–host interface involve innate and specific acquired
host immune defenses and immunomodulatory countermeasures by the tick. Tick feeding
stimulates host immune response pathways involving antigen-presenting cells, cytokines, B-
cells, T-cells, circulating and homocytotropic antibodies, granulocytes, and an array of
biologically active molecules. In response to host immune defenses, tick-mediated host
immunosuppressive countermeasures inhibit: host antibody responses; complement …